Wood Frame Construction
Application
(1)This Section applies to constructions where wall, floor and roof planes are generally comprised of lumber frames of small repetitive structural members, or engineered components, and where
- (a) roof and wall planes are clad, sheathed or braced on at least one side,
- (b) the small repetitive structural members are spaced not more than 600 mm o.c.,
- (c) the constructions do not serve as foundations,
- (d) the specified live load on supported subfloors and floor framing does not exceed 2.4 kPa, and
- (e) the span of any structural member does not exceed 12.20 m.
(2)Where the conditions in Sentence (1) are exceeded for wood construction, the design of the framing and fastening shall conform to Subsection 4.3.1.
General
(1)All members shall be so framed, anchored, fastened, tied and braced to provide the necessary strength and rigidity.
(1)Ends of wood joists, beams and other members framing into masonry or concrete shall be treated to prevent decay where the bottom of the member is at or below ground level, or a 12 mm air space shall be provided at the end and sides of the member.
(2)Air spaces required in Sentence (1) shall not be blocked by insulation, vapour barriers or airtight materials.
(1)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), wood framing members that are not pressure-treated with a wood preservative and that are supported on concrete in contact with the ground or fill shall be separated from the concrete by not less than 0.05 mm polyethylene film or Type S roll roofing.
(2)Dampproofing material referred to in Sentence (1) is not required where the wood member is at least 150 mm above the ground.
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (3), connectors in contact with preservative-treated wood shall be made of
- (a) hot-dipped, zinc-coated galvanized steel with a coating weight not less than Z550 conforming to ASTM A653 / A653M, "Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process,"
- (b) a material that provides an equivalent level of corrosion protection to that provided by the material described in Clause (a), or
- (c) stainless steel.
(2)Fasteners used to attach the connectors referred to in Sentence (1) shall be made of
- (a) galvanized steel coated with zinc in accordance with ASTM A153 / A153M, "Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware," or
- (b) a material that provides an equivalent level of performance and is compatible with the connector.
(3)Connectors and fasteners that are in contact with wood that has been treated with a disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (SBX (DOT)) or zinc borate preservative and is installed in a dry interior environment are permitted to be made of uncoated carbon steel.
(1)Lumber shall conform to the appropriate requirements in Subsection 9.3.2.
Fasteners and Connectors
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2) and unless otherwise indicated, nails specified in this Section shall be common steel wire nails or common spiral nails, conforming to
- (a) ASTM F1667, "Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes and Staples," or
- (b) CSA B111, "Wire Nails, Spikes and Staples."
(2)Nails used to comply with Table 9.23.3.4. shall have a diameter not less than that stated in Table 9.23.3.1.
(3)Wood screws specified in this Section shall conform to ANSI/ASME B18.6.1., "Wood Screws (Inch Series)".
| Minimum Length of Nails, mm | Minimum Diameter of Nails, mm |
|---|---|
| 51 | 2.87 |
| 63 | 3.25 |
| 76 | 3.66 |
| 89 | 3.66 |
| 101 or greater | 4.88 |
(1)All nails shall be long enough so that not less than half their required length penetrates into the second member.
(1)Splitting of wood members shall be minimized by staggering the nails in the direction of the grain and by keeping nails well in from the edges.
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2), nailing of framing shall conform to Table 9.23.3.4.
(2)Where the bottom wall plate or sole plate of an exterior wall is not nailed to joists or blocking in conformance with Table 9.23.3.4., the exterior wall is permitted to be fastened to the floor framing by
- (a) having plywood, OSB or waferboard sheathing extend down over floor framing and fastened to the floor framing by nails or staples conforming to Article 9.23.3.5., or
- (b) tying the wall framing to the floor framing by 50 mm wide galvanized-metal strips
- (i) 50 mm wide,
- (ii) not less than 0.41 mm thick,
- (iii) spaced not more than 1.2 m apart, and
- (iv) fastened at each end with at least two 63 mm nails.
| Construction Detail | Minimum Length of Nails, mm | Minimum Number or Maximum Spacing of Nails |
|---|---|---|
| Floor joist or blocking perpendicular to sill plate or top wall plate below – toe nail | 89 | 2 per floor joist or blocking |
| Rim joist, trimmer joist or blocking – supporting walls with required braced wall panels – to sill plate or top wall plate – toe nail | 89 | 150 mm o.c. |
| Wood or metal strapping to underside of floor joists | 63 | 450 mm o.c. |
| Cross-bridging to joists | 51 | 2 at each end |
| Double header or trimmer joists | 89 | 300 mm o.c. |
| Floor joist to stud (balloon construction) | 89 | 2 |
| Ledger strip to wood beam | 89 | 2 per joist |
| Joist to joist splice (See also Table 9.23.14.8.) | 76 | 2 at each end |
| Header joist end nailed to joists along perimeter | 89 | 1 |
| Tail joist to adjacent header joist (end nailed) around openings | 89 | 2 |
| Each header joist to adjacent trimmer joist (end nailed) around openings | 89 | 3 |
| Stud to wall plate (each end) toe nail or end nail | 89 | 3 or 2 |
| Doubled studs at openings, or studs at walls or wall intersections and corners | 89 | 750 mm o.c. |
| Doubled top wall plates | 89 | 600 mm o.c. |
| Bottom wall plate or sole plate to floor joists, rim joists or blocking (exterior walls) | 89 | 400 mm o.c. |
| Bottom wall plate or sole plate – in required braced wall panels – to floor joists, rim joists or blocking (exterior walls) | 89 | 150 mm o.c. |
| Interior walls to framing or subflooring | 89 | 600 mm o.c. |
| Required braced wall panels – in interior walls – to framing above and below | 89 | 150 mm o.c. |
| Horizontal member over openings in non-loadbearing walls – each end | 89 | 2 |
| Lintels to studs | 89 | 2 at each end |
| Ceiling joist to plate – toe nail each end | 89 | 2 |
| Roof rafter, roof truss or roof joist to plate – toe nail | 89 | 2 |
| Rafter plate to each ceiling joist | 89 | 2 |
| Rafter to joist (with ridge supported) | 89 | 3 |
| Rafter to joist (with ridge unsupported) | 89 | See Table 9.23.14.8. |
| Gusset plate to each rafter at peak | 38 | 4 |
| Rafter to ridge board – toe nail – end nail | 89 | 3 – 2 |
| Collar tie to rafter – each end | 89 | 3 |
| Collar tie lateral support to each collar tie | 63 | 2 |
| Jack rafter to hip or valley rafter | 89 | 2 |
| Roof strut to rafter | 89 | 2 |
| Roof strut to loadbearing wall – toe nail | 89 | 2 |
| 38 mm × 140 mm or less plank decking to support | 89 | 2 |
| Plank decking wider than 38 mm × 140 mm to support | 89 | 3 |
| 38 mm edge laid plank decking to support (toe nail) | 89 | 1 |
| 38 mm edge laid plank to each other | 89 | 450 mm o.c. |
| End-joist or end-rafter to built-up wall stud | 89 | 5 or 8 |
(1)Except as required by Sentences (2) to (4), fastening of sheathing and subflooring shall conform to Table 9.23.3.5.-A.
(2)Fastening of roof sheathing and sheathing in required braced wall panels shall conform to Table 9.23.3.5.-B, where
- (a) the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure (HWP) is equal to or greater than 0.8 kPa and less than 1.2 kPa and the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is not more than 0.90, or
- (b) the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.70 and not more than 0.90.
(3)Fastening of roof sheathing and sheathing in required braced wall panels shall conform to Table 9.23.3.5.-C, where
- (a) the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure (HWP) is equal to or greater than 0.8 kPa and less than 1.2 kPa and the spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is not more than 1.8, or
- (b) the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.90 and not more than 1.8.
(4)Fastening of sheathing shall conform to Part 4,
- (a) where the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure is equal to or greater than 1.2 kPa, or
- (b) for required braced wall panels, where the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 1.8.
(5)Staples shall not be less than 1.6 mm in diameter or thickness, with not less than a 9.5 mm crown driven with the crown parallel to framing.
(6)Roofing nails for the attachment of fibreboard or gypsum sheathing shall not be less than 3.2 mm in diameter with a minimum head diameter of 11.1 mm.
(7)Flooring screws shall not be less than 3.2 mm in diameter.
(7.1)Where roof sheathing supports are spaced at more than 400 mm o.c., the maximum spacing of fasteners for roof sheathing shall be 150 mm along edges and intermediate supports.
(8)The edges of sheathing in a braced wall panel shall be supported and fastened to wood blocking where
- (a) the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 1.2, or
- (b) the braced wall panel supports more than a roof of lightweight construction.
| Element | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Common or Spiral Nails | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Ring Thread Nails or Screws | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Roofing Nails | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Staples | Minimum Number or Maximum Spacing of Fasteners |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Board lumber 184 mm or less wide | 51 | 38 | n/a | 38 | 2 per support |
| Board lumber more than 184 mm wide | 51 | 38 | n/a | 38 | 3 per support |
| Fibreboard sheathing up to 13 mm thick | 44 | 38 | 38 | n/a | 150 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports |
| Gypsum sheathing up to 13 mm thick | 44 | 38 | 38 | n/a | n/a |
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard up to 10 mm thick | 51 | 38 | n/a | 38 | 150 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports |
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard over 10 mm and up to 20 mm thick | 51 | 44 | n/a | 44 | 150 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports |
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard over 20 mm and up to 25 mm thick | 63 | 51 | n/a | n/a | 150 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports |
| Element | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Common, Spiral or Ring Thread Nails | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Screws | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - 14-gauge Staples | Minimum Number or Maximum Spacing of Fasteners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Board lumber 184 mm or less wide | 51 | 38 | 38 | 2 per support |
| Board lumber more than 184 mm wide | 51 | 38 | 38 | 3 per support |
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard up to 20 mm thick | 51 | 44 | 44 | 150 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports; and for roof sheathing where HWP is equal to or greater than 0.8 kPa and less than 1.2 kPa, 50 mm o.c. within 1 m of the edges of the roof |
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard over 20 mm and up to 25 mm thick | 63 | 51 | n/a | 150 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports; and for roof sheathing where HWP is equal to or greater than 0.8 kPa and less than 1.2 kPa, 50 mm o.c. within 1 m of the edges of the roof |
| Element | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Common, Spiral or Ring Thread Nails | Minimum Length of Fasteners, mm - Screws | Minimum Number or Maximum Spacing of Fasteners |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard up to 20 mm thick | 51 | 44 | 75 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports; and for roof sheathing where 1-in-50 HWP is equal to or greater than 0.8 kPa and less than 1.2 kPa, 50 mm o.c. within 1 m of the edges of the roof |
| Plywood, OSB or waferboard over 20 mm and up to 25 mm thick | 63 | 51 | 75 mm o.c. along edges and 300 mm o.c. along intermediate supports; and for roof sheathing where 1-in-50 HWP is equal to or greater than 0.8 kPa and less than 1.2 kPa, 50 mm o.c. within 1 m of the edges of the roof |
Maximum Spans
(1)Spans provided in this Subsection for joists, beams and lintels supporting floors shall apply only where
- (a) the floors serve residential areas as described in Table 4.1.5.3., or
- (b) the uniformly distributed live load on the floors does not exceed that specified for residential areas as described in Table 4.1.5.3.
(2)Spans for joists, beams and lintels supporting floors shall be determined according to Subsection 4.1.3. where the supported floors
- (a) serve other than residential areas, or
- (b) support a uniform live load in excess of that specified for residential areas.
(1)Except as required in Sentence (2) and Article 9.23.14.10., spans for wood joists and rafters shall conform to the spans shown in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-A to 9.23.4.2-G for the uniform live loads shown in the Tables.
(2)Spans for floor joists that are not selected from Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-A and 9.23.4.2-B and that are required to be designed for the same loading conditions, shall not exceed the design requirements for uniform loading and vibration criteria.
(3)Spans for built-up wood and glued-laminated timber floor beams shall conform to the spans in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-H to 9.23.4.2-K.
(4)Spans for roof ridge beams shall conform to the spans in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-L for the uniform snow load shown.
(1)The spans for steel beams with laterally supported top flanges shall conform to Table 9.23.4.3. for floors and Span Tables 9.23.4.3.-A to 9.23.4.3.-J for roofs and floors.
(2)Beams described in Sentence (1) shall at least meet the requirements for Grade 350 W steel in CSA G40.21, "Structural quality steel."
(3)A beam may be considered to be laterally supported if
- (a) the wood joists bear on its top flange at intervals of 600 mm or less over its entire length,
- (b) the load being applied to this beam is transmitted through the joists, and
- (c) 19 mm by 38 mm wood strips in contact with the top flange are nailed on both sides of the beam to the bottom of the joist supported.
| Section | Supported Joist Length, m (Half the sum of joist spans on both sides of the beam) | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One Storey Supported | ||||||||
| W150 × 22 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | |
| W200 × 21 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | |
| W200 × 27 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | |
| W200 × 31 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | |
| W250 × 24 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 5.9 | |
| W250 × 33 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 7.3 | |
| W250 × 39 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.9 | |
| W310 × 31 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | |
| W310 × 39 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 9.0 | |
| Two Storeys Supported | ||||||||
| W150 × 22 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | |
| W200 × 21 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.7 | |
| W200 × 27 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.4 | |
| W200 × 31 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | |
| W250 × 24 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.4 | |
| W250 × 33 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.5 | |
| W250 × 39 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.1 | |
| W310 × 31 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 | |
| W310 × 39 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.7 |
(1)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), where a floor is required to support a concrete topping, the joist spans shown Span Table 9.23.4.2.-A or the spacing of the members shall be reduced to allow for the loads due to the topping.
(2)Where a floor is required to support a concrete topping, joist spans are permitted to be selected from Span Table 9.23.4.2.-B provided the concrete
- (a) is 38 to 51 mm thick,
- (b) is normal weight,
- (c) is placed directly on the subflooring, and
- (d) has not less than 20 MPa compressive strength after 28 days.
(3)Where a floor is required to support a concrete topping not more than 51 mm thick, the allowable beam spans shown in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-H to 9.23.4.2.-K shall be multiplied by 0.8 or the supported length of the floor joists shall be reduced to allow for the loads due to the topping.
(1)Where a roof is required to support an additional uniform dead load from roofing materials such as concrete roofing tile, or materials other than as specified in Section 9.26., such as clay roofing tiles, the additional load shall be allowed for by reducing
- (a) the spans for roof joists and rafters in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-D to 9.23.4.2.-G, or the spacing of the members, and
- (b) the spans for ridge beams and lintels in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-L and 9.23.12.3.-A to 9.23.12.3.-D.
Notching and Drilling
(1)Holes drilled in roof, floor or ceiling framing members shall be not larger than one-quarter the depth of the member and shall be located not less than 50 mm from the edges, unless the depth of the member is increased by the size of the hole.
(1)Floor, roof and ceiling framing members are permitted to be notched provided the notch is located on the top of the member within half the joist depth from the edge of bearing and is not deeper than one-third the joist depth, unless the depth of the member is increased by the size of the notch.
(1)Wall studs shall not be notched, drilled or otherwise damaged so that the undamaged portion of the stud is less than two-thirds the depth of the stud if the stud is loadbearing or 40 mm if the stud is non-loadbearing, unless the weakened studs are suitably reinforced.
(1)Top plates in walls shall not be notched, drilled or otherwise weakened to reduce the undamaged width to less than 50 mm unless the weakened plates are suitably reinforced.
(1)Roof truss members shall not be notched, drilled or otherwise weakened unless such notching or drilling is allowed for in the design of the truss.
Anchorage
(1)Except as required by Sentence 9.23.6.3.(1), building frames shall be anchored to the foundation unless a structural analysis that considers wind and earthquake loads and lateral earth pressures shows that anchorage is not required
(2)Except as provided in Sentences (3) to (6), anchorage shall be provided by
- (a) embedding the ends of the first floor joists in concrete, or
- (b) fastening the sill plate to the foundation with not less than 12.7 mm diam anchor bolts spaced not more than 2.4 m o.c.
(3)For buildings with 2 or more floors supported by frame walls that are in areas where the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is not greater than 0.70 or the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure (HWP) is equal to or greater than 0.80 kPa but not greater than 1.20 kPa, anchorage shall be provided by fastening the sill plate to the foundation with not less than two anchor bolts per braced wall panel, where all anchor bolts used are
- (a) not less than 15.9 mm in diameter, located within 0.5 m of the end of the foundation, and spaced not more than 2.4 m o.c, or
- (b) not less than 12.7 mm in diameter, located within 0.5 m of the end of the foundation, and spaced not more than 1.7 m o.c.
(4)For buildings supported by frame walls that are in areas where the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.70 but not greater than 1.8 and the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure (HWP) is not greater than 1.20 kPa, anchorage shall be provided by fastening the sill plate to the foundation with not less than two anchor bolts per braced wall panel located within 0.5 m of the end of the foundation and spaced in accordance with Table 9.23.6.1.
(5)Anchor bolts referred to in Sentences (2) to (4) shall be
- (a) fastened to the sill plate with nuts and washers,
- (b) embedded not less than 100 mm in the foundation, and
- (c) so designed that they may be tightened without withdrawing them from the foundation.
(6)Where the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 1.8 or the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure is equal to or greater than 1.2 kPa, anchorage shall be designed according to Part 4.
| Anchor Bolt Diameter, mm | Sa(0.2) | Maximum Spacing of Anchor Bolts Along Braced Wall Band, m - Light Construction | Heavy Construction - Number of Floors Supported | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12.7 | 0.70 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.80 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.0 |
| 12.7 | 0.80 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.90 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.0 |
| 12.7 | 0.90 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.8 |
| 12.7 | 1.0 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 |
| 12.7 | 1.1 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
| 12.7 | 1.2 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
| 12.7 | 1.3 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.35 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.4 |
| 12.7 | 1.35 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.4 |
| 15.9 | 0.70 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.80 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| 15.9 | 0.80 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.90 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| 15.9 | 0.90 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
| 15.9 | 1.0 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
| 15.9 | 1.1 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| 15.9 | 1.2 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.1 |
| 15.9 | 1.3 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.35 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.0 |
| 15.9 | 1.35 < Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.9 |
(1)Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), exterior columns and posts shall be anchored to resist uplift and lateral movement.
(2)Except as provided in Sentence (3), where columns or posts support balconies, decks, verandas and other exterior platforms, and the distance from finished ground to the underside of the joists is not more than 600 mm,
- (a) the columns or posts shall be anchored to the foundation to resist uplift and lateral movement, or
- (b) the supported joists or beams shall be directly anchored to the ground to resist uplift.
(3)Anchorage is not required for platforms described in Sentence (2) that
- (a) are not more than 1 storey in height,
- (b) are not more than 55 m² in area,
- (c) do not support a roof, and
- (d) are not attached to another structure, unless it can be demonstrated that differential movement will not adversely affect the performance of the structure to which the platform is attached.
(1)Buildings not more than 4.3 m wide and not more than 1 storey in building height that are not anchored in accordance with Sentence 9.23.6.1.(1) shall be anchored in conformance with the requirements of CSA Z240.10.1, "Site preparation, foundation, and installation of buildings."
Sill Plates
(1)Where sill plates provide bearing for the floor system, they shall be not less than 38 mm by 89 mm material.
(1)Sill plates shall be
- (a) levelled by setting them on a full bed of mortar, or
- (b) laid directly on the foundation where the top of the foundation is level.
(2)The joint between the sill plate for exterior walls and the foundation shall be sealed in accordance with Subsection 9.25.3.
Beams to Support Floors
(1)Beams shall have even and level bearing and the bearing at end supports shall be not less than 89 mm long, except as stated in the notes to Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-H to 9.23.4.2.-K.
(1)Exterior steel beams shall be shop primed with rust-inhibitive paint.
(1)Where a beam is made up of individual pieces of lumber that are nailed together, the individual members shall be 38 mm or greater in thickness and installed on edge.
(2)Except as permitted in Sentence (3), where individual members of a built-up beam are butted together to form a joint, the joint shall occur over a support.
(3)Where a beam is continuous over more than one span, individual members are permitted to be butted together to form a joint at or within 150 mm of the end quarter points of the clear spans, provided the quarter points are not those closest to the ends of the beam.
(4)Members joined at quarter points shall be continuous over adjacent supports.
(5)Joints in individual members of a beam that are located at or near the end quarter points shall not occur in adjacent members at the same quarter point and shall not reduce the effective beam width by more than half.
(6)Not more than one butt joint shall occur in any individual member of a built-up beam within any one span.
(7)Except as provided in Sentence (8), where 38 mm members are laid on edge to form a built-up beam, individual members shall be nailed together with a double row of nails not less than 89 mm in length, spaced not more than 450 mm apart in each row with the end nails located 100 mm to 150 mm from the end of each piece.
(8)Where 38 mm members in built-up wood beams are not nailed together as provided in Sentence (7), they shall be bolted together with not less than 12.7 mm diam bolts equipped with washers and spaced not more than 1.2 m o.c., with the end bolts located not more than 600 mm from the ends of the members.
Floor Joists
(1)Except when supported on ribbon boards, floor joists shall have not less than 38 mm length of end bearing.
(2)Ribbon boards referred to in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 19 mm by 89 mm lumber let into the studs.
(1)Floor joists may be supported on the tops of beams or may be framed into the sides of beams.
(2)When framed into the side of a wood beam, joists referred to in Sentence (1) shall be supported on
- (a) joist hangers or other acceptable mechanical connectors, or
- (b) not less than 38 mm by 64 mm ledger strips nailed to the side of the beam, except that 38 mm by 38 mm ledger strips may be used provided each joist is nailed to the beam by at least four 89 mm nails, in addition to the nailing for the ledger strip required in Table 9.23.3.4.
(3)When framed into the side of a steel beam, joists referred to in Sentence (1) shall be supported on the bottom flange of the beam or on not less than 38 mm by 38 mm lumber bolted to the web with not less than 6.3 mm diam bolts spaced not more than 600 mm apart.
(4)Joists referred to in Sentence (3) shall be spliced above the beam with not less than 38 mm by 38 mm lumber at least 600 mm long to support the flooring.
(5)Not less than a 12 mm space shall be provided between the splice required in Sentence (4) and the beam to allow for shrinkage of the wood joists.
(1)Except as provided in Sentence 9.23.9.4.(1), bottoms of floor joists shall be restrained from twisting at each end by toe-nailing to the supports, end-nailing to the header joists or by providing continuous strapping, blocking between the joists or cross-bridging near the supports.
(1)Except as permitted by Sentence (5), where strapping is specified in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-A, it shall be
- (a) not less than 19 mm by 64 mm, nailed to the underside of floor joists,
- (b) located not more than 2 100 mm from each support or other rows of strapping, and
- (c) fastened at each end to a sill or header.
(2)Where bridging is specified in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-A, it shall consist of not less than 19 mm by 64 mm or 38 mm by 38 mm cross bridging located not more than 2 100 mm from each support or other rows of bridging.
(3)Where bridging and strapping are specified in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-A,
- (a) bridging shall
- (i) comply with Sentence (2), or
- (ii) consist of 38 mm solid blocking located not more than 2 100 mm from each support or other rows of bridging and securely fastened between the joists, and
- (b) except as provided in Sentence (5), strapping shall comply with Sentence (1) and be installed under the bridging.
(4)Bridging specified in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-B shall consist of
- (a) bridging as described in Sentence (2), or
- (b) 38 mm solid blocking located not more than 2 100 mm from each support or other rows of bridging and securely fastened between the joists.
(5)Strapping described in Sentence (1) and Clause (3)(b) is not required where
- (a) furring strips complying with Table 9.29.3.1. are fastened directly to the joists, or
- (b) a panel-type ceiling finish complying with Subsection 9.29.5., 9.29.6., 9.29.7., 9.29.8., or 9.29.9. is attached directly to the joists.
(6)Where a ceiling attached to wood furring is specified in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-B,
- (a) the ceiling finish shall consist of gypsum board, plywood or OSB not less than 12.7 mm thick, and
- (b) the furring shall be,
- (i) 19 mm by 89 mm wood furring spaced at not more than 600 mm o.c., or
- (ii) 19 mm by 64 mm wood furring spaced at not more than 400 mm o.c.
(1)Header joists around floor openings shall be doubled when they exceed 1.2 m in length.
(2)The size of header joists exceeding 3.2 m in length shall be determined by calculations.
(1)Trimmer joists around floor openings shall be doubled when the length of the header joist exceeds 800 mm.
(2)When the header joist exceeds 2 m in length the size of the trimmer joists shall be determined by calculations.
(1)When tail joists and header joists are supported by the floor framing, they shall be supported by suitable joist hangers or nailing in accordance with Table 9.23.3.4.
(1)Non-loadbearing walls parallel to the floor joists shall be supported by joists beneath the wall or on blocking between the joists.
(2)Blocking referred to in Sentence (1) for the support of non-loadbearing walls shall be
- (a) not less than 38 mm by 89 mm lumber, and
- (b) except as required for the fastening of walls constructed with required braced wall panels, spaced not more than 1.2 m apart.
(3)Except as provided in Sentence (6), non-loadbearing interior walls at right angles to the floor joists are not restricted as to location.
(4)Loadbearing interior walls parallel to floor joists shall be supported by beams or walls of sufficient strength to safely transfer the design loads to the vertical supports.
(5)Unless the joist size is designed to support such loads, loadbearing interior walls at right angles to floor joists shall be located
- (a) not more than 900 mm from the joist support where the wall does not support a floor, and
- (b) not more than 600 mm from the joist support where the wall supports one or more floors.
(6)Loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls constructed with required braced wall panels shall be continuously supported by floor joists, blocking or rim joists to allow for the required fastening.
(1)Floor joists supporting roof loads shall not be cantilevered more than 400 mm beyond their supports where 38 mm by 184 mm joists are used and not more than 600 mm beyond their supports where 38 mm by 235 mm or larger joists are used.
(2)The cantilevered portions referred to in Sentence (1) shall not support floor loads from other storeys unless calculations are provided to show that the design resistances of the cantilevered joists are not exceeded.
(3)Where cantilevered floor joists described in Sentences (1) and (2) are at right angles to the main floor joists, the tail joists in the cantilevered portion shall extend inward away from the cantilever support a distance equal to not less than 6 times the length of the cantilever, and shall be end nailed to an interior doubled header joist in conformance with Table 9.23.3.4.
Wall Studs
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2), the size and spacing of studs shall conform to Table 9.23.10.1.
(2)Studs for walls not listed in Table 9.23.10.1. and supporting roof loads shall conform to Span Tables 9.23.10.1.-A to 9.23.10.1.-D, provided
- (a) the studs are clad with not less than 9.5 mm thick plywood, OSB or waferboard sheathing on the exterior face, and not less than 12.5 mm gypsum board on the interior face,
- (b) solid bridging is provided at not more than 1.2 m o.c,
- (c) the studs are fastened to the top and bottom plates with no fewer than three 82 mm toe nails,
- (d) the double top plates are fastened together with not less than 76 mm nails spaced not more than 200 mm o.c,
- (e) roof framing members spaced not more than 600 mm are fastened to the top plates with no fewer than four 82 mm toe nails, and
- (f) the bottom plate is fastened to the floor joists, blocking or rim joist with not less than 82 mm nails spaced not more than 200 mm o.c.
| Type of Wall | Supported Loads (including dead loads) | Minimum Stud Size, mm | Maximum Stud Spacing, mm | Maximum Unsupported Height, m |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interior | No load | 38 × 38 | 2.4 | |
| Interior | No load | 38 × 89 flat | 3.6 | |
| Interior | Attic not accessible by a stairway | 38 × 64 | 3.0 | |
| Interior | Attic not accessible by a stairway | 38 × 64 flat | 2.4 | |
| Interior | Attic not accessible by a stairway | 38 × 89 | 3.6 | |
| Interior | Attic not accessible by a stairway | 38 × 89 flat | 2.4 | |
| Interior | Attic accessible by a stairway plus one floor | |||
| Interior | Roof load plus one floor | |||
| Interior | Attic not accessible by stairway plus 2 floors | 38 × 89 | 3.6 | |
| Interior | Roof load | |||
| Interior | Attic accessible by a stairway | |||
| Interior | Attic not accessible by a stairway plus one floor | 38 × 64 | 2.4 | |
| Interior | Attic not accessible by a stairway plus one floor | 38 × 89 | 3.6 | |
| Interior | Attic accessible by a stairway plus 2 floors | |||
| Interior | Roof load plus 2 floors | 38 × 89 | 3.6 | |
| Interior | Roof load plus 2 floors | 64 × 89 | 3.6 | |
| Interior | Roof load plus 2 floors | 38 × 140 | 4.2 | |
| Interior | Attic accessible by a stairway plus 3 floors | |||
| Interior | Roof load plus 3 floors | 38 × 140 | 4.2 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage | 38 × 64 | 2.4 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage | 38 × 89 | 3.0 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage plus one floor | 38 × 89 | 3.0 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage plus one floor | 38 × 140 | 3.0 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage plus 2 floors | 38 × 89 | 3.0 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage plus 2 floors | 64 × 89 | 3.0 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage plus 2 floors | 38 × 140 | 3.6 | |
| Exterior | Roof with or without attic storage plus 3 floors | 38 × 140 | 1.8 |
(0.1)Except as provided in Sentence (0.2), each exterior wall in each storey shall be braced with at least one diagonal brace conforming to Sentence (0.3).
(0.2)Bracing is not required where the walls
- (a) have an interior finish conforming to the requirements of Section 9.29., or
- (b) where the walls are
- (i) clad with panel-type siding,
- (ii) diagonally sheathed with lumber, or
- (iii) sheathed with plywood, OSB, waferboard, gypsum or fibreboard sheathing.
(0.3)Where bracing is required, it shall
- (a) consist of not less than 19 mm by 89 mm wood members,
- (b) be applied to the studs at an angle of approximately 45° to the horizontal, and
- (c) extend the full height of the wall on each storey.
(0.4)Bracing described in Sentence (0.3) shall be nailed to each stud and wall plate by at least two 63 mm nails.
(1)Where loadbearing interior walls are not finished in accordance with Sentence (0.2), blocking or strapping shall be fastened to the studs at mid-height to prevent sideways buckling.
(1)Except as permitted in Sentences (2) and (3), all studs shall be placed at right angles to the wall face.
(2)Studs on the flat are permitted to be used in gable ends of roofs that contain only unfinished space or in non-loadbearing interior walls within the limits described in Article 9.23.10.1.
(3)Wall studs that support only a load from an attic not accessible by a stairway are permitted to be placed on the flat within the limits permitted in Article 9.23.10.1. provided
- (a) the studs are clad on at least one side with plywood, OSB or waferboard sheathing fastened to the face of the studs with a structural adhesive, and
- (b) the portion of the roof supported by the studs does not exceed 2.1 m in width.
(1)Wall studs shall be continuous for the full storey height except at openings and shall not be spliced except by finger-jointing with a structural adhesive.
(1)Corners and intersections shall be designed to provide adequate support for the vertical edges of interior finishes, sheathing and cladding materials, and in no instance shall exterior corners be framed with less than the equivalent of two studs.
(2)Where the vertical edges of interior finishes at wall intersections are supported at vertical intervals by blocking or furring, the vertical distance between such supports shall not exceed the maximum distance between supports specified in Section 9.29.
(1)Where the lintel spanning the opening is more than 3 m long, studs shall be tripled on each side of the opening so that
- (a) the two inner studs on each side extend from the bottom of the supported lintel to the top of the bottom wall plate, and
- (b) the outer stud on each side extends from the bottom of the top wall plate to the bottom wall plate.
(2)Except as provided in Sentence (3), where the lintel spanning the opening is not more than 3 m long, studs shall be doubled on each side of the opening so that
- (a) the inner studs on each side extend from the bottom of the supported lintel to the top of the bottom wall plate, and
- (b) the outer stud on each side extends from the bottom of the top wall plate to the bottom wall plate.
(3)Single studs are permitted to be used on either side of openings
- (a) in non-loadbearing interior walls not required to have fire-resistance ratings, provided the studs extend from the top wall plate to the bottom wall plate, or
- (b) in loadbearing or non-loadbearing interior or exterior walls, provided
- (i) the opening is less than and within the required stud spacing, and
- (ii) no 2 such openings of full stud-space width are located in adjacent stud spaces.
(1)Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), stud posts shall be designed in accordance with Part 4.
(2)The number of studs in a wall directly below a girder truss or roof beam shall conform to Tables 9.23.10.7-A to 9.23.10.7.-D, provided
- (a) the studs are fastened together to form a post in accordance with Sentence 9.17.4.2.(2),
- (b) the wall is not less than 1.2 m long and sheathed on at least one side with plywood, OSB, waferboard or gypsum sheathing, and
- (c) the wall sheathing is fastened to the stud post with at least one row of fasteners conforming to Article 9.23.3.5. and spaced not more than 150 mm o.c.
(3)The width of the stud post shall be not less than the width of the girder or beam that it supports.
Wall Plates
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2), wall plates shall be
- (a) not less than 38 mm thick, and
- (b) not less than the required width of the wall studs.
(2)In non-loadbearing walls and in loadbearing walls where the studs are located directly over framing members, the bottom wall plate may be 19 mm thick.
(1)A bottom wall plate shall be provided in all cases.
(2)The bottom plate in exterior walls shall not project more than one-third the plate width over the support.
(1)Except as permitted in Sentences (2) to (4), at least 2 top plates shall be provided in loadbearing walls.
(2)A single top plate is permitted to be used in a section of a loadbearing wall containing a lintel provided the top plate forms a tie across the lintel.
(3)A single top plate is permitted to be used in loadbearing walls where the concentrated loads from ceilings, floors and roofs are not more than 50 mm to one side of the supporting studs and in all non-loadbearing walls.
(4)The top plates need not be provided in a section of loadbearing wall containing a lintel provided the lintel is tied to the adjacent wall section with not less than
- (a) 75 mm by 150 mm by 0.91 mm thick galvanized steel, or
- (b) 19 mm by 89 mm by 300 mm wood splice nailed to each wall section with at least three 63 mm nails.
(1)Joints in the top plates of loadbearing walls shall be staggered not less than one stud spacing.
(2)The top plates in loadbearing walls shall be lapped or otherwise tied at corners and intersecting walls in accordance with Sentence (4).
(3)Joints in single top plates used with loadbearing walls shall be tied in accordance with Sentence (4).
(4)Ties referred to in Sentences (2) and (3) shall be the equivalent of not less than 75 mm by 150 mm by 0.91 mm thick galvanized steel nailed to each wall with at least three 63 mm nails.
(5)Where the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.70 but not more than 1.8, doubled top plates in braced wall bands shall be fastened on each side of a splice with 76 mm long common steel wire nails or spiral nails in accordance with Table 9.23.11.4.
Framing Over Openings
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2), openings in non-loadbearing walls shall be framed with not less than 38 mm material the same width as the studs, securely nailed to adjacent studs.
(2)Openings for doors in non-loadbearing walls required to be fire separations with a fire-resistance rating shall be framed with the equivalent of at least two 38 mm thick members that are the same width as the wall plates.
(1)Openings in loadbearing walls greater than the required stud spacing shall be framed with lintels designed to carry the superimposed loads to adjacent studs.
(2)Except as provided in Sentence 9.23.12.3.(2), where 2 or more members are used in lintels, they shall be fastened together with not less than 82 mm nails in a double row, with nails not more than 450 mm apart in each row.
(3)Lintel members are permitted to be separated by filler pieces.
(1)Spans and sizes of wood lintels shall conform to the spans shown in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-L and 9.23.12.3.-A to 9.23.12.3.-D
- (a) for buildings of residential occupancy,
- (b) where the wall studs exceed 38 mm by 64 mm in size,
- (c) where the spans of supported joists do not exceed 4.9 m, and
- (d) where the spans of trusses do not exceed 9.8 m.
(2)In loadbearing exterior and interior walls of 38 mm by 64 mm framing members, lintels shall consist of
- (a) 64 mm thick members on edge, or
- (b) 38 mm thick and 19 mm thick members fastened together with a double row of nails not less than 63 mm long and spaced not more than 450 mm apart.
(3)Lintels referred to in Sentence (2)
- (a) shall be not less than 50 mm greater in depth than those shown in Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-L and 9.23.12.3.-A to 9.23.12.3.-D for the maximum spans shown, and
- (b) shall not exceed 2.24 m in length.
Bracing to Resist Lateral Loads Due to Wind and Earthquake
(1)This Article applies in locations where the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is not more than 0.70 and the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure is less than 0.80 kPa.
(2)Bracing to resist lateral loads shall be designed and constructed as follows:
- (a) exterior walls shall be (i) clad with panel-type cladding in accordance with Section 9.27., (ii) sheathed with plywood, OSB, waferboard, fibreboard, gypsum board or diagonal lumber sheathing complying with Subsection 9.23.17. and fastened in accordance with Table 9.23.3.5.-A, or (iii) finished on the interior with a panel-type material in accordance with the requirements of Section 9.29., or
- (b) in accordance with (i) Articles 9.23.13.4. to 9.23.13.7., (ii) Part 4, or (iii) good engineering practice such as that provided in CWC 2014, "Engineering Guide for Wood Frame Construction."
(1)Except as provided in Article 9.23.13.1., this Article applies in locations where
- (a) the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.70 but not more than 1.8 and (i) the lowest exterior frame wall supports not more than 1 floor in buildings of heavy construction, or (ii) the lowest exterior frame wall supports not more than 2 floors in other types of construction, and
- (b) the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure is less than 1.20 kPa.
(2)Bracing to resist lateral loads shall be designed and constructed in accordance with
- (a) Articles 9.23.13.4. to 9.23.13.7.,
- (b) Part 4, or
- (c) good engineering practice such as that provided in CWC 2014, "Engineering Guide for Wood Frame Construction."
(1)Except as provided in Articles 9.23.13.1. and 9.23.13.2., this Article applies in locations where
- (a) the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is (i) greater than 1.8, (ii) greater than 0.70 and the lowest exterior frame wall supports more than 2 floors in buildings of light construction, or (iii) greater than 0.70 and the lowest exterior frame wall supports more than 1 floor in buildings of heavy construction, or
- (b) the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure is equal to or greater than 1.20 kPa.
(2)Bracing to resist lateral loads shall be designed and constructed in accordance with
- (a) Part 4, or
- (b) good engineering practice such as that provided in CWC 2014, "Engineering Guide for Wood Frame Construction."
(1)Braced wall bands shall
- (a) be full storey height,
- (b) be not more than 1.2 m wide,
- (c) lap at both ends with another braced wall band,
- (d) be aligned with braced wall bands on storeys above and below, and
- (e) conform to the spacing and dimensions given in Table 9.23.13.5.
(2)The perimeter of the building shall be located within braced wall bands.
(3)For split-level buildings, a braced wall band shall be located where there is a change in floor level greater than the depth of one floor joist.
(1)Except as provided in Sentences (2) to (5) and Article 9.23.13.7., braced wall panels shall
- (a) be located within braced wall bands,
- (b) extend, as applicable, from the top of the supporting footing, slab or subfloor to the underside of the floor, ceiling or roof framing above, and
- (c) conform to the spacing and dimensions given in Table 9.23.13.5.
(2)In basements or crawl spaces where the perimeter foundation walls extend from the footings to the underside of the supported floor, braced wall bands constructed with braced wall panels shall be spaced not more than
- (a) 15 m from the perimeter foundation walls,
- (b) 15 m from interior foundation walls, and
- (c) 15 m from adjacent braced wall bands constructed with braced wall panels.
(3)Portions of the perimeter of a single open or enclosed space need not comply with Sentence (1), where
- (a) the roof of the space projects not more than (i) 3.5 m from the face of the framing of the nearest parallel braced wall band, and (ii) the perpendicular plan dimension,
- (b) that portion of the perimeter structure does not support a floor,
- (c) the roof of the space is (i) integral with the roof of the rest of the building with framing members not more than 400 mm o.c. where roof sheathing edges are not supported on blocking and not more than 600 mm o.c. where roof sheathing edges are supported on blocking securely fastened between framing members, or (ii) constructed with roof framing not more than 400 mm o.c. where roof sheathing edges are not supported on blocking and not more than 600 mm o.c. where roof sheathing edges are supported on blocking securely fastened between framing members, and fastened to the wall framing, and
- (d) the end-joists or end-rafters for the roof of the space are fastened to a 3-ply, 38 mm × 140 mm built-up column or a 5-ply, 38 mm × 89 mm built-up column that is integral with the wall framing.
(4)Walls in detached garages and in accessory buildings serving a single dwelling unit, and the front wall of attached garages serving a single dwelling unit need not comply with Sentence (1) where these walls do not support a floor.
(5)Braced wall panels in the braced wall band at the front of an attached garage serving a single dwelling unit need not comply with Sentence (1), provided
- (a) the maximum spacing between the front of the garage and the back wall of the garage does not exceed 7.6 m,
- (b) there is not more than one floor above the garage,
- (c) not less than 50% of the length of the back wall of the garage is constructed of braced wall panels, and
- (d) not less than 25% of the length of the side walls is constructed of braced wall panels.
| Description | Spacing and Dimensions of Braced Wall Bands and Braced Wall Panels(1)(2)(3) | Seismic and Wind Loads | 0.70 < Sa(0.2) < 1.0 | 1.0 ≤ Sa(0.2) ≤ 1.8 or 0.80 ≤ HWP < 1.2 kPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum distance between centre lines of adjacent braced wall bands measured from the furthest points between centres of the bands | 10.6 m | 7.6 m | ||
| Maximum distance between required braced wall panels measured from the edges of the panels | 6.4 m | 6.4 m | ||
| Maximum distance from the end of a braced wall band to the edge of the closest required braced wall panel | 2.4 m | 2.4 m | ||
| Minimum length of individual braced wall panels: • panel located at the end of a braced wall band where the braced wall panel connects to an intersecting braced wall panel | 600 mm | |||
| • panel not located at the end of a braced wall band or braced wall panel located at the end of a braced wall band where the braced wall panel does not connect to an intersecting braced wall panel | 750 mm | |||
| Minimum total length of all braced wall panels in a braced wall band • supporting 3 floors, light construction | 75% of length of braced wall band | |||
| • supporting 2 floors, heavy construction(4) | 75% of length of braced wall band | |||
| • supporting 2 floors, light construction | 40% of length of braced wall band | |||
| • supporting 1 floor, heavy construction(4) | 40% of length of braced wall band | |||
| • supporting 1 floor, light construction | 25% of length of braced wall band | |||
| • not supporting a floor | 25% of length of braced wall band |
(1)Required braced wall panels shall be
- (a) clad with panel-type cladding complying with Section 9.27. and Table 9.23.3.4.,
- (b) sheathed with plywood, OSB, waferboard or diagonal lumber sheathing complying with Subsection 9.23.16. and Table 9.23.13.6., and fastened in accordance with Article 9.23.3.5., or
- (c) finished on the interior with a panel-type material in accordance with the requirements of Section 9.29. and Table 9.23.13.6.
(2)Except as provided in Sentence (3), required interior braced wall panels shall be
- (a) sheathed or finished on both sides with a wood-based material, or
- (b) finished on both sides with gypsum board.
(3)Required interior braced wall panels of wood-based material may be sheathed on one side only, provided
- (a) the sheathing material is plywood, OSB or waferboard, and
- (b) the maximum spacing of fasteners along the edge is half of the maximum spacing shown in Table 9.23.3.5.-B.
(4)For stacked braced wall bands, where the construction of any one braced wall panel is required to be of a wood-based material, a wood-based material shall be installed in all the required braced wall panels in that braced wall band.
(5)Gypsum board interior finish shall not be considered as an acceptable sheathing material to provide the required bracing in exterior walls.
(6)At braced wall band spacing intervals of not more than 15 m, braced wall panels shall be constructed with OSB, plywood or diagonal lumber.
| Panel-Type Cladding, Sheathing or Interior Finish | Minimum Thickness Where Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.90 | With supports 400 mm o.c. | With supports 600 mm o.c. | Where Sa(0.2) > 0.90 | With supports 400 mm o.c. | With supports 600 mm o.c. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gypsum board interior finish(1) | 12.7 mm | 15.9 mm | 12.7 mm | 15.9 mm | ||
| Sheathing complying with CSA O325 OSB O-1 and O-2 grades | 11 mm | 12.5 mm | 11 mm | 12.5 mm | ||
| Waferboard R-1 grade | 9.5 mm | 12.5 mm | n/a | n/a | ||
| Plywood | 11 mm | 12.5 mm | 11 mm | 12.5 mm | ||
| Diagonal lumber | 17 mm | 17 mm | n/a | n/a |
(1)Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), one exterior wall of the uppermost storey in each orthogonal direction may be set back from the exterior wall of the storey below, provided the adjacent interior braced wall band of the storey below the setback
- (a) is spaced not more than 10.6 m from the exterior wall of the storey below the setback wall,
- (b) consists of braced wall panels that are constructed of a wood-based material in conformance with Sentence 9.23.13.6.(2),
- (c) extends to the foundation, and
- (d) is not taken into consideration when providing braced wall panels constructed of a wood-based material at spacing intervals of not more than 15 m as per Sentence 9.23.13.6.(6).
(2)Where the exterior wall of the uppermost storey is set back from the exterior wall of the storey below, the roof and floor space supporting the setback wall shall be sheathed with a wood-based material between the exterior wall of the storey below the setback and the adjacent interior braced wall bands of the storey below the setback.
(3)Where the exterior wall of the uppermost storey is set back from the exterior wall of the storey below, the exterior walls perpendicular to the setback wall shall
- (a) have their top plate connected with nails that are spaced at no greater than half the spacing required in Table 9.23.3.4., and
- (b) have their top plate splices fastened with twice the number of nails specified in Sentences 9.23.11.4.(4) and (5).
(4)The maximum distance between adjacent required braced wall panels in a braced wall band, measured from the edge of the panels, may be increased to 7.3 m provided that, throughout the height of the building, the length of any braced wall panel within the braced wall band is not less than 1.2 m.
(5)The maximum spacing between the centre lines of required braced wall bands given in Table 9.23.13.5. may be increased from 7.6 m to no more than 10.6 m, provided that the interior braced wall band whose spacing is being increased is replaced with an interior braced wall band that
- (a) consists of braced wall panels that are constructed of a wood-based material in conformance with Sentence 9.23.13.6.(2),
- (b) extends to the foundation, and
- (c) is not taken into consideration when providing braced wall panels constructed of a wood-based material at spacing intervals no greater than 15 m as per Sentence 9.23.13.6.(6).
(6)For each orthogonal direction of the building, the length of required braced wall panels of one exterior wall given in Table 9.23.13.5. may be reduced from 40% to no less than 25% of the length of the braced wall band, provided an additional parallel and adjacent interior braced wall band is constructed that
- (a) is spaced not more than 10.6 m from the exterior wall,
- (b) consists of braced wall panels that are constructed of a wood-based material in conformance with Sentence 9.23.13.6.(2) and whose lengths sum to no less than 25% of the length of the braced wall band,
- (c) extends to the foundation, and
- (d) is not taken into consideration when providing braced wall panels constructed of a wood-based material at spacing intervals no greater than 15 m as per Sentence 9.23.13.6.(6).
(7)Where the length of required braced wall panels of an exterior wall is reduced as described in Sentence (6), the ratio of the length of braced wall panels in the respective upper braced wall bands to the length of braced wall panels in the reduced exterior braced wall band shall not exceed 2.
Roof and Ceiling Framing
(1)Roof rafters and joists and ceiling joists shall be continuous or shall be spliced over vertical supports that extend to suitable bearing.
(1)Roof and ceiling framing members shall be doubled on each side of openings greater than 2 rafter or joist spacings wide.
(1)The length of end bearing of joists and rafters shall be not less than 38 mm.
(1)Rafters shall be located directly opposite each other and tied together at the peak, or may be offset by their own thickness if nailed to a ridge board not less than 17.5 mm thick.
(2)Except as permitted in Sentence (3), framing members shall be connected by gusset plates or nailing at the peak in conformance with Table 9.23.3.4.
(3)Where the roof framing on opposite sides of the peak is assembled separately, such as in the case of factory-built houses, the roof framing on opposite sides is permitted to be fastened together with galvanized-steel strips not less than 200 mm by 75 mm by 0.41 mm thick spaced not more than 1.2 m apart and nailed at each end to the framing by at least two 63 mm nails.
(1)Rafters shall be shaped at supports to provide even bearing surfaces and supported directly above the exterior walls.
(1)Hip and valley rafters shall be not less than 50 mm greater in depth than the common rafters and not less than 38 mm thick, actual dimension.
(1)Ceiling joists and collar ties of not less than 38 mm by 89 mm lumber are permitted to be assumed to provide intermediate support to reduce the span for rafters and joists where the roof slope is 1 in 3 or greater.
(2)Collar ties referred to in Sentence (1) more than 2.4 m long shall be laterally supported near their centres by not less than 19 mm by 89 mm continuous members at right angles to the collar ties.
(3)Dwarf walls and struts are permitted to be used to provide intermediate support to reduce the span for rafters and joists.
(4)When struts are used to provide intermediate support, they shall be not less than 38 mm by 89 mm material extending from each rafter to a loadbearing wall at an angle of not less than 45° to the horizontal.
(5)When dwarf walls are used for rafter support, they shall be framed in the same manner as loadbearing walls and securely fastened top and bottom to the roof and ceiling framing to prevent overall movement.
(6)Solid blocking shall be installed between floor joists beneath dwarf walls referred to in Sentence (5) that enclose finished rooms.
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (4), roof rafters and joists shall be supported at the ridge of the roof by
- (a) a loadbearing wall extending from the ridge to suitable bearing, or
- (b) a ridge beam supported by not less than 89 mm length of bearing.
(2)Except as provided in Sentence (3), the ridge beam referred to in Sentence (1) shall conform to the sizes and spans shown in Span Table 9.23.4.2.-L, provided
- (a) the supported rafter or joist length does not exceed 4.9 m, and
- (b) the roof does not support any concentrated loads.
(3)The ridge beam referred to in Sentence (1) need not comply with Sentence (2) where
- (a) the beam is of not less than 38 mm by 140 mm material, and
- (b) the beam is supported at intervals not exceeding 1.2 m by not less than 38 mm by 89 mm members extending vertically from the ridge to suitable bearing.
(4)When the roof slope is 1 in 3 or steeper, ridge support need not be provided when the lower ends of the rafters are adequately tied to prevent outward movement.
(5)Ties required in Sentence (4) are permitted to consist of tie rods or ceiling joists forming a continuous tie for opposing rafters and nailed in accordance with Table 9.23.14.8.
(6)Except as permitted in Sentence (7), ceiling joists referred to in Sentence (5) shall be tied to the base of every rafter.
(7)Where ceiling joists referred to in Sentence (5) are raised above the base of the rafters, the connections between the rafters and the ceiling joists shall be designed in accordance with Clause 9.4.1.1.(1)(b) or (c).
(8)Ceiling joists referred to in Sentence (5) that are spliced to make a continuous joist shall be fastened together at each splice with at least one more nail than required for the rafter-to-joist connection shown in Table 9.23.14.8.
(9)Members referred to in Sentences (6) and (8) are permitted to be fastened together either directly or through a gusset plate.
| Roof Slope | Rafter Spacing, mm | Minimum Number of Nails not Less than 76 mm Long and 3.66 mm in Diameter(1)(2)(3)(4) | Building Width up to 4 m | Building Width up to 6 m | Building Width up to 8 m | Building Width up to 10 m | Specified Roof Snow Load, kPa | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 in 3 | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | ||||||||||||
| 1 in 2.4 | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 in 2 | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 in 1.71 | (5) | (5) | (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 in 1.5 | (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 in 1.33 | (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 in 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 in 1 |
(1)Roof joists supporting a finished ceiling, other than plywood, OSB or waferboard, shall be restrained from twisting along the bottom edges by means of furring, blocking, cross bridging or strapping conforming to Article 9.23.9.3.
(1)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), ceiling joists supporting part of the roof load from the rafters shall be not less than 25 mm greater in depth than required for ceiling joists not supporting part of the roof load.
(2)When the roof slope is 1 in 4 or less, the ceiling joist sizes referred to in Sentence (1) shall be determined from Span Tables 9.23.4.2.-C to 9.23.4.2.-F and 9.23.4.2.-L for roof joists.
(1)Roof Wood roof trusses shall be designed in accordance with good engineering practice such as that described in TPIC 2019, "Truss Design Procedures and Specifications for Light Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses."
(2)The joint connections used in trusses described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in conformance with the requirements in Subsection 4.3.1.
(3)All member bracing shall be installed as per the truss design drawings, and continuous lateral bracing shall be adequately anchored to the roof and ceiling diaphragms at intervals no greater than 6.10 m o.c.
Subflooring
(1)Subflooring shall be provided beneath finish flooring where the finish flooring does not have adequate strength to support the design loads.
(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2), wood-based panels for subfloors shall conform to
- (a) CSA O121, "Douglas fir plywood,"
- (b) CSA O151, "Canadian softwood plywood,"
- (c) CSA O153, "Poplar plywood,"
- (d) CSA O325, "Construction sheathing," or
- (e) CSA O437.0, "OSB and Waferboard."
(2)Particleboard subflooring may be used only where a building is constructed in a factory so that the subfloor will not be exposed to the weather.
(3)Subflooring described in Sentence (2) shall conform to grade D-2 or D-3 in ANSI A208.1, "Particleboard."
(4)Subflooring described in Sentence (2) shall have its upper surface and all edges treated to restrict water absorption where the subfloor is used in bathrooms, kitchens, laundry rooms or other areas subject to periodic wetting.
(1)Where the edges of panel-type subflooring are required to be supported (See Sentence 9.30.2.1.(2)), such support shall consist of tongue-and-groove panel edges or not less than 38 mm by 38 mm blocking securely nailed between framing members.
(1)Plywood subflooring shall be installed with the surface grain at right angles to the joists and with joints parallel to floor joists staggered.
(2)OSB subflooring conforming to CSA O325, "Construction sheathing," or to O-1 and O-2 grades in CSA O437.0, "OSB and Waferboard," and waferboard subflooring conforming to R-1 grade in CSA O437.0 shall be installed so that the direction of face orientation is at right angles to the joists and the joints parallel to the floor joists are staggered. (See Note A-9.23.15.4.(2))
(1)Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), subfloors shall conform to Table 9.23.15.5.-A or 9.23.15.5.-B.
(2)Where the finished flooring consists of not less than 19 mm matched wood strip flooring laid at right angles to joists spaced not more than 600 mm o.c., subflooring shall be permitted to consist of not less than
- (a) 12.5 mm thick plywood,
- (b) 12.5 mm thick OSB conforming to O-2 grade,
- (c) 12.7 mm thick OSB conforming to O-1 grade,
- (d) 12.7 mm thick waferboard conforming to R-1 grade, or
- (e) OSB conforming to 2R32 / 2F16 grade.
(3)Except where the flooring consists of ceramic tiles applied with adhesive, where a separate panel-type underlay or concrete topping is applied to a subfloor on joists spaced not more than 400 mm o.c., the subfloor is permitted to consist of not less than
- (a) 12.5 mm thick plywood,
- (b) 12.5 mm thick OSB conforming to O-2 grade,
- (c) 12.7 mm thick OSB conforming to O-1 grade,
- (d) 12.7 mm thick waferboard conforming to R-1 grade, or
- (e) OSB conforming to 2R32 / 2F16 grade.
| Maximum Spacing of Supports, mm | Plywood and OSB, O-2 Grade | OSB, O-1 Grade, and Waferboard, R-1 Grade | Particleboard | Lumber |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 300 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 17.0 |
| 400 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 19.0 | 19.0 |
| 600 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 25.4 | 19.0 |
| Maximum Spacing of Supports, mm | Panel Mark | Subfloor | Subfloor Used with Panel-Type Underlay |
|---|---|---|---|
| 400 | 1F16 | ||
| 400 | 2F16 | ||
| 500 | 1F20 | ||
| 500 | 2F20 | ||
| 600 | 1F24 | ||
| 600 | 2F24 |
(1)When resilient flooring is applied directly to an OSB, waferboard, particleboard or plywood subfloor, the subfloor shall be fastened to the supports with annular grooved nails.
(1)Lumber subflooring shall be laid at an angle of not less than 45° to the joists.
(2)Lumber subflooring shall be fully supported at the ends on solid bearing.
(3)Lumber for subflooring shall be of uniform thickness and not more than 184 mm wide.
Roof Sheathing
(1)Except where the 1-in-50 hourly wind pressure is less than 0.8 kPa and the seismic spectral acceleration, Sa(0.2), is less than or equal to 0.70, continuous lumber or panel-type roof sheathing shall be installed to support the roofing.
(1)Wood-based panels used for roof sheathing shall conform to the requirements of
- (a) CSA O121, "Douglas fir plywood,"
- (b) CSA O151, "Canadian softwood plywood,"
- (c) CSA O153, "Poplar plywood,"
- (d) CSA O325, "Construction sheathing," or
- (e) CSA O437.0, "OSB and Waferboard."
(1)Plywood roof sheathing shall be installed with the surface grain at right angles to the roof framing.
(2)OSB roof sheathing conforming to CSA O325, "Construction sheathing," or to O-1 and O-2 grades as specified in CSA O437.0, "OSB and Waferboard," shall be installed with the direction of face orientation at right angles to the roof framing members. (See Note A-9.23.15.4.(2))
(1)Panel-type sheathing board shall be applied so that joints perpendicular to the roof ridge are staggered where
- (a) the sheathing is applied with the surface grain parallel to the roof ridge, and
- (b) the thickness of the sheathing is such that the edges are required to be supported.
(2)A gap of not less than 2 mm shall be left between sheets of plywood, OSB or waferboard.
(1)Lumber roof sheathing shall not be more than 286 mm wide and shall be applied so that all ends are supported with end joints staggered.
(1)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), where panel-type roof sheathing requires edge support, the support shall consist of metal H clips or not less than 38 mm by 38 mm blocking securely nailed between framing members.
(2)The supports referred to in Sentence (1) are not required when tongued-and-grooved edged panel-type sheathing board is used.
(1)The thickness or rating of roof sheathing on a flat roof used as a walking deck shall conform to either Table 9.23.15.5.-A or 9.23.15.5.-B for subfloors.
(2)The thickness or rating of roof sheathing on a roof not used as a walking deck shall conform to either Table 9.23.16.7.-A or Table 9.23.16.7.-B.
(3)Asphalt-coated or asphalt-impregnated fibreboard not less than 11.1 mm thick conforming to CAN/ULC-S706.1, "Standard for Wood Fibre Insulating Boards for Buildings," is permitted to be used as a roof sheathing over supports spaced not more than 400 mm o.c., provided the roofing consists of
- (a) a continuous sheet of galvanized steel not less than 0.33 mm in thickness, or
- (b) a continuous sheet of aluminum not less than 0.61 mm in thickness.
(4)All edges of sheathing described in Sentence (3) shall be supported by blocking or framing.
| Maximum Spacing of Supports, mm | Plywood and OSB, O-2 Grade | OSB, O-1 Grade and Waferboard, R-1 Grade | Lumber | Edges Supported | Edges Unsupported | Edges Supported | Edges Unsupported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 300 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 17.0 | ||
| 400 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 11.1 | 17.0 | ||
| 600 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 19.0 |
| Maximum Spacing of Supports, mm | Panel Mark | Edges Supported | Edges Unsupported |
|---|---|---|---|
| 300 | 2R16 | ||
| 400 | 1R16 | ||
| 500 | 2R20 | ||
| 500 | 1R20 | ||
| 600 | 2R24 | ||
| 600 | 1R24 |
Wall Sheathing
(1)Exterior walls and gable ends shall be sheathed when the exterior cladding requires intermediate fastening between supports or if the exterior cladding requires solid backing.
(1)Where wall sheathing is required for the purpose of complying with this Section, it shall conform to Table 9.23.17.2.-A or Table 9.23.17.2.-B. (See also Article 9.25.5.1.)
| Type of Sheathing | Minimum Thickness, mm With Supports 400 mm o.c. | Minimum Thickness, mm With Supports 600 mm o.c. | Material Standards |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fibreboard (insulating) | 9.5 | 11.1 | CAN/ULC-S706.1 |
| Gypsum Sheathing | 9.5 | 12.7 | ASTM C1177 / C1177M ASTM C1396 / C1396M |
| Lumber | 17.0 | 17.0 | See Table 9.3.2.1. |
| Mineral Fibre, Rigid Board, Type 2 | CAN/ULC-S702.1 | ||
| OSB, O-2 Grade | 6.0 | 7.5 | CSA O437.0 |
| OSB, O-1 Grade, and Waferboard, R-1 Grade | 6.35 | 7.9 | CSA O437.0 |
| Phenolic, faced | CAN/CGSB-51.25-M | ||
| Plywood (exterior type) | 6.0 | 7.5 | CSA O121 CSA O151 CSA O153 |
| Polystyrene, Types 1 and 2 | CAN/ULC-S701.1 | ||
| Polystyrene, Types 3 and 4 | CAN/ULC-S701.1 | ||
| Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Type 1, faced | CAN/ULC-S704.1 | ||
| Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Types 2 and 3, faced | CAN/ULC-S704.1 |
| Maximum Spacing of Supports, mm | Panel Mark |
|---|
(1)Gypsum sheathing, rigid insulation and fibreboard shall not be used for the attachment of siding materials.
(2)Nails used in attaching the materials listed in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 3.2 mm diam with a minimum head diameter of 11 mm.
(1)Lumber wall sheathing shall be applied so that all ends are supported.
(2)Where lumber wall sheathing is required to provide bracing according to Article 9.23.10.2., it shall be applied with end joints staggered.
(1)A gap of not less than 2 mm shall be left between sheets of plywood, OSB, waferboard or fibreboard.
(1)Where the bottom portions of mansard style roofs are vented, the vertical framing members behind the sloping portions shall be considered on the same basis as exterior wall studs and shall conform to the appropriate requirements in Articles 9.27.3.2. to 9.27.3.6.